Info:Bananas Genera

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Credits <u>Gabe15</u> Credits <u>Gabe15</u>
 +==Musaceae==
-Naturally, wild bananas are separated into 5 subgenera, these are Eumusa (species such as Musa acuminata, M. basjoo, M. sikkimensis belong to this group), Rhodochalmys (species such as M. ornata, M. velutina, M. mannii...), Callimusa (M. coccinea, M. gracilis, M. campestris...), Australimusa (M. textilis, M. maclayi, M. jackeyi...) and Ingentimusa (with a single known species, M. ingens). There are a few exceptions, such as M. beccarii which has 2n=18. Ensete and Musella both also have 2n=18.+There have been numerous historical revisions of Musa sections and subsections, initially based on observable characteristics but later divided by chromosome count and morphology. English botanist Ernest Cheesman submitted the first useful system in 1947 by utilizing chromosome count and morphology, dividing them into Eumusa, Rhodochlamys, Australimusa, and Callimusa. Ingentimusa would be added later in 1976 by English botanist George Argent. The currently accepted convention was submitted in 2013 by Finnish botanist Markku Hakkinen, merging the previous 5 groups based on molecular and genetic analysis into Eumusa and Callimusa. However, the previous convention developed by Cheesman is still useful in understanding the relationships between different members of the Musa genus.
-Eumusa and Rhodochlamys both have the chromosome counts of 2n=22, this means that have 2 sets of DNA per cell (like nearly all living things) with 11 chromosomes (2x11=22). Callimusa and Australimusa have 10 chromosomes (2n=20) and Ingentimusa has 7 chromosomes (2n=14). To have it make sense on a basic level, you can think of it as that those with the same chromosome counts may cross with each other and are closer related to each other than to those belonging in the other subgenera. +===Eumusa===
-Edible bananas almost exclusively come from the Eumusa group , mainly from Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Edible bananas are not however though, varieties of the wild species. They are simply derived from them and through thousands of years of hybridization, mutation and selection, they have become a wide group on thier own. Many are triploids (AAA, AAB, ABB...as opposed to wild plants which are diploids), this means they have 3 sets of DNA, each with 11 chromosome like normal Eumusa but, and also tetraploids which have 4 sets (groups such as AAAB, ABBT...). Also there are edible diploids as well which did not go through as much change from the original wild plants (groups AA, AB, AS). +====Eumusa====
-There is a small group of edible bananas that come from Australimusa, the Feh'i group, they evolved completely separate from those in the Eumusa group and are not well studied.+2n=22
 + 
 +*Eumusa is the group that most edible bananas fall within. Most edible bananas share a common ancestry with ''Musa acuminata'' and ''Musa balbisiana'', being domesticated through many generations of breeding, hybridization, chance mutations, and selection by humans for desirable traits. In this sense domesticated bananas are more like siblings to wild varieties, rather than being the offspring of extant wild, seeded types. Some seedless diploid cultivars exist, being seedless due to the previously described domestication processes. Most commercial cultivars are triploid (3n) with 3 sets of chromosomes, as this generally renders them (mostly) sterile and therefore seedless. This is due to a failure to divide chromosome pairs when cells divide to create gametes for reproduction. The double chromosomed gamete pairs with an opposing gamete (with a single set of chromosomes) to create an offspring with 3 sets. By this same failure in gamete production, professional breeding institutes (like Honduras Foundation for Agricultural Research, FHIA) have been able to create tetraploid (4n) cultivars by selective breeding of not completely sterile triploid cultivars.
 + 
 +*Species within this group include but are not limited to:
 +**''Musa acuminata'' (includes AA and AAA)
 +**''Musa balbisiana''
 +**''Musa basjoo''
 +**''Musa sikkimensis''
 +**''Musa schizocarpa''
 + 
 +*Hybrids (AAB, ABB, AABB, AAAB ABBB) with a mixed parentage of acuminata (A) and balbisiana (B) chromosomes are referred to as ''Musa x paradisiaca''. There are hybrids that include chromosomes derived from ''Musa schizocarpa'' (AS, AAS), with some of them being collected and stored at the International Transit Centre (ITC) in Belgium.
 + 
 +====Rhodochlamys====
 + 
 +2n=22
 + 
 +*Rhodochlamys consists primarily of species that are considered ornamental, as the fruits generally consist of mostly seeds.
 + 
 +*Species within this group include but are not limited to:
 +**''Musa ornata''
 +**''Musa velutina'' 'Fuzzy pink banana'
 +**''Musa mannii''
 + 
 +===Callimusa===
 + 
 +====Callimusa====
 + 
 +2n=20 (2n=18 for ''Musa beccarii'')
 + 
 +*Species within this group include but are not limited to:
 +**''Musa coccinea''
 +**''Musa gracilis''
 +**''Musa campestris''
 + 
 +====Australimusa====
 + 
 +2n=20
 + 
 +*From the Australimusa group, the species ''Musa troglodytarum'' refers to cultivars that have been independently domesticated by humans to be (mostly) seedless. These domesticated varieties are referred to as the ''Fe'i'' or ''Fehi'' subgroup. Notable characteristics include vivid purple sap when cut, erect bunches, and orange peels and flesh. There is interest among the scientific community in exploring the potential of ''Fe'i'' bananas as a food source for remote communities, as the orange flesh indicates a considerable amount of provitamin A content. These have not seen widespread distribution or adoption due to a number of factors limiting the ranges within which it can thrive.
 + 
 +*Species within this group include but are not limited to:
 +**''Musa troglodytarum'' (T)
 +**''Musa textilis''
 +**''Musa maclayi''
 +**''Musa jackeyi''
 + 
 +====Ingentimusa====
 + 
 +2n=14
 + 
 +*This group consists of a single species, ''Musa ingens''. It is notable for being absurdly large, with initial descriptions being of specimens towering 15 m. tall.
 + 
 +===Eumusa x Australimusa===
 + 
 +There have been some recorded instances of possible hybrids (AT, AAT) being found that suggest crossing/interbreeding between ''Eumusa'' and ''Australimusa''(/ ''Callimusa''). Despite being improbable due to the difference in chromosome count, professional banana taxonomist Gabriel Sachter-Smith found a cultivar in Papua New Guinea that cannot yet be explained in any other way.
 + 
 + 
 +==Ensete==
 + 
 +2n=18
 + 
 +*While in the Musaceae family and bearing more than a passing resemblance, the Ensete genus are not considered true bananas. Historically lumped in with the Musa genus, it was later separated into a standalone genus by Cheesman. While it does produce an inflorescence akin to a banana flower, the fruits are generally not considered edible. However, the species ''Ensete ventricosum'' is utilized as a staple crop in Ethiopia, where the starchy core of the plant is used for culinary purposes.
 + 
 +==Musella==
 + 
 +2n=18
 + 
 +*The Musella genus consists of a single member, ''Musella lasiocarpa''. It was first included in the Musa genus, then moved to the newly sectioned off Ensete genus by Cheesman's revision. It was later given its own genus in 2010 after molecular testing confirmed it as being distinct from both the Musa and Ensete genera.
[[Category:Info]] [[Category:Info]]
 +
 +===References===
 +Häkkinen, M. 2013. Reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in Musa (Musaceae). Taxon 62(4):809-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/624.3
 +
 +Argent, G. 1976. The wild bananas of Papua New Guinea. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 35(1):77-114.
 +
 +Cheesman, E.E. 1947. Classification of the bananas. I. The genus Ensete Horan. Kew Bulletin 2(2):97-106. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109206
 +
 +Zheng-Feng Wang, Mathieu Rouard, Gaetan Droc, Pat (J S) Heslop-Harrison, Xue-Jun Ge. 2023. Genome assembly of Musa beccarii shows extensive chromosomal rearrangements and genome expansion during evolution of Musaceae genomes, GigaScience, Volume 12, giad005, https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giad005
 +
 +Simmonds, N. W. 1960. Notes on Banana Taxonomy. Kew Bulletin, 14(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114778
 +
 +Ruas, M., Guignon, V., Sempere, G., Sardos, J., Hueber, Y., Duvergey, H., et al. (2017). MGIS: managing banana (Musa spp.) genetic resources information and high-throughput genotyping data. Database (Oxford) 2017. doi:10.1093/database/bax046.
 +
 +Li, Z., Wang, J., Fu, Y. et al. The Musa troglodytarum L. genome provides insights into the mechanism of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids. BMC Biol 20, 186 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01391-3
 +
 +Vezina, A. 2021. Where banana diversity defies expectations. https://www.promusa.org/blogpost656-Where-banana-diversity-defies-expectations
 +
 +Borrell, J. S., Biswas, M. K., Goodwin, M., Blomme, G., Schwarzacher, T., Heslop-Harrison, J. S. P., Wendawek, A. M., Berhanu, A., Kallow, S., Janssens, S., Molla, E. L., Davis, A. P., Woldeyes, F., Willis, K., Demissew, S., & Wilkin, P. (2019). Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple. Annals of botany, 123(5), 747–766. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy214
 +
 +Liu, A-Z., Kress, W.J., Wang, H. & Li, D.-Z. (2010). Phylogenetic analyses of the banana family (Musaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast ( trnL-F) evidence. Taxon 59: 20-28.

Revision as of 01:21, 26 March 2023

Credits Gabe15

Contents

Musaceae

There have been numerous historical revisions of Musa sections and subsections, initially based on observable characteristics but later divided by chromosome count and morphology. English botanist Ernest Cheesman submitted the first useful system in 1947 by utilizing chromosome count and morphology, dividing them into Eumusa, Rhodochlamys, Australimusa, and Callimusa. Ingentimusa would be added later in 1976 by English botanist George Argent. The currently accepted convention was submitted in 2013 by Finnish botanist Markku Hakkinen, merging the previous 5 groups based on molecular and genetic analysis into Eumusa and Callimusa. However, the previous convention developed by Cheesman is still useful in understanding the relationships between different members of the Musa genus.

Eumusa

Eumusa

2n=22

  • Eumusa is the group that most edible bananas fall within. Most edible bananas share a common ancestry with Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, being domesticated through many generations of breeding, hybridization, chance mutations, and selection by humans for desirable traits. In this sense domesticated bananas are more like siblings to wild varieties, rather than being the offspring of extant wild, seeded types. Some seedless diploid cultivars exist, being seedless due to the previously described domestication processes. Most commercial cultivars are triploid (3n) with 3 sets of chromosomes, as this generally renders them (mostly) sterile and therefore seedless. This is due to a failure to divide chromosome pairs when cells divide to create gametes for reproduction. The double chromosomed gamete pairs with an opposing gamete (with a single set of chromosomes) to create an offspring with 3 sets. By this same failure in gamete production, professional breeding institutes (like Honduras Foundation for Agricultural Research, FHIA) have been able to create tetraploid (4n) cultivars by selective breeding of not completely sterile triploid cultivars.
  • Species within this group include but are not limited to:
    • Musa acuminata (includes AA and AAA)
    • Musa balbisiana
    • Musa basjoo
    • Musa sikkimensis
    • Musa schizocarpa
  • Hybrids (AAB, ABB, AABB, AAAB ABBB) with a mixed parentage of acuminata (A) and balbisiana (B) chromosomes are referred to as Musa x paradisiaca. There are hybrids that include chromosomes derived from Musa schizocarpa (AS, AAS), with some of them being collected and stored at the International Transit Centre (ITC) in Belgium.

Rhodochlamys

2n=22

  • Rhodochlamys consists primarily of species that are considered ornamental, as the fruits generally consist of mostly seeds.
  • Species within this group include but are not limited to:
    • Musa ornata
    • Musa velutina 'Fuzzy pink banana'
    • Musa mannii

Callimusa

Callimusa

2n=20 (2n=18 for Musa beccarii)

  • Species within this group include but are not limited to:
    • Musa coccinea
    • Musa gracilis
    • Musa campestris

Australimusa

2n=20

  • From the Australimusa group, the species Musa troglodytarum refers to cultivars that have been independently domesticated by humans to be (mostly) seedless. These domesticated varieties are referred to as the Fe'i or Fehi subgroup. Notable characteristics include vivid purple sap when cut, erect bunches, and orange peels and flesh. There is interest among the scientific community in exploring the potential of Fe'i bananas as a food source for remote communities, as the orange flesh indicates a considerable amount of provitamin A content. These have not seen widespread distribution or adoption due to a number of factors limiting the ranges within which it can thrive.
  • Species within this group include but are not limited to:
    • Musa troglodytarum (T)
    • Musa textilis
    • Musa maclayi
    • Musa jackeyi

Ingentimusa

2n=14

  • This group consists of a single species, Musa ingens. It is notable for being absurdly large, with initial descriptions being of specimens towering 15 m. tall.

Eumusa x Australimusa

There have been some recorded instances of possible hybrids (AT, AAT) being found that suggest crossing/interbreeding between Eumusa and Australimusa(/ Callimusa). Despite being improbable due to the difference in chromosome count, professional banana taxonomist Gabriel Sachter-Smith found a cultivar in Papua New Guinea that cannot yet be explained in any other way.


Ensete

2n=18

  • While in the Musaceae family and bearing more than a passing resemblance, the Ensete genus are not considered true bananas. Historically lumped in with the Musa genus, it was later separated into a standalone genus by Cheesman. While it does produce an inflorescence akin to a banana flower, the fruits are generally not considered edible. However, the species Ensete ventricosum is utilized as a staple crop in Ethiopia, where the starchy core of the plant is used for culinary purposes.

Musella

2n=18

  • The Musella genus consists of a single member, Musella lasiocarpa. It was first included in the Musa genus, then moved to the newly sectioned off Ensete genus by Cheesman's revision. It was later given its own genus in 2010 after molecular testing confirmed it as being distinct from both the Musa and Ensete genera.

References

Häkkinen, M. 2013. Reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in Musa (Musaceae). Taxon 62(4):809-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/624.3

Argent, G. 1976. The wild bananas of Papua New Guinea. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 35(1):77-114.

Cheesman, E.E. 1947. Classification of the bananas. I. The genus Ensete Horan. Kew Bulletin 2(2):97-106. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109206

Zheng-Feng Wang, Mathieu Rouard, Gaetan Droc, Pat (J S) Heslop-Harrison, Xue-Jun Ge. 2023. Genome assembly of Musa beccarii shows extensive chromosomal rearrangements and genome expansion during evolution of Musaceae genomes, GigaScience, Volume 12, giad005, https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giad005

Simmonds, N. W. 1960. Notes on Banana Taxonomy. Kew Bulletin, 14(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114778

Ruas, M., Guignon, V., Sempere, G., Sardos, J., Hueber, Y., Duvergey, H., et al. (2017). MGIS: managing banana (Musa spp.) genetic resources information and high-throughput genotyping data. Database (Oxford) 2017. doi:10.1093/database/bax046.

Li, Z., Wang, J., Fu, Y. et al. The Musa troglodytarum L. genome provides insights into the mechanism of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids. BMC Biol 20, 186 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01391-3

Vezina, A. 2021. Where banana diversity defies expectations. https://www.promusa.org/blogpost656-Where-banana-diversity-defies-expectations

Borrell, J. S., Biswas, M. K., Goodwin, M., Blomme, G., Schwarzacher, T., Heslop-Harrison, J. S. P., Wendawek, A. M., Berhanu, A., Kallow, S., Janssens, S., Molla, E. L., Davis, A. P., Woldeyes, F., Willis, K., Demissew, S., & Wilkin, P. (2019). Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple. Annals of botany, 123(5), 747–766. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy214

Liu, A-Z., Kress, W.J., Wang, H. & Li, D.-Z. (2010). Phylogenetic analyses of the banana family (Musaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast ( trnL-F) evidence. Taxon 59: 20-28.

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