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Digger Extraordinaire
Location: Kansas
Zone: Zone 5b/6a
Name: Ben
Join Date: Oct 2006
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Re: OK>>>> Seeds are ready on the velutina!!!
I found the information below that may help with the "Randy Velutina Seed Trials", lol
Bioversity International: Musaceae
Quote:
CHAPTER 49. MUSACEAE
The Musaceae comprise about 100 species of partly woody plants within about six genera which provide edible fruits (e.g. Musa accuminata Colla, banana) and fibres (e.g. Musa textilis Nee, Manila hemp). The fruits are berries and seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION
The seeds have linear embryos, copious endosperm and a thick hard testa. Dormancy per se (that is innate seed dormancy, see Chapter 5, Volume I) is a problem (sometimes severe) in germination tests and in addition the thick hard testa can act as a barrier to germination. Chipping the testa and testing in alternating temperature regimes promote seed germination. Detailed information on seed dormancy and germination is provided in this chapter for the genus Musa only, although a comment on Ensete is also included in this section.
MUSA
M. acuminata Colla
banana
M. balbisiana Colla
banana
M. textilis Née
abaca, Manila hemp
I. Evidence of dormancy
Promoting the germination of banana seeds is difficult in plant breeding (1,4-6). The germination of intact seeds is either unsuccessful (1), or erratic with only low proportions of seeds germinating (4). The low germination reported for banana seeds is due to the degree of maturity of the seed when extracted from the fruit (5,6), and in particular to dormancy - as the following examples of after-ripening demonstrate. Storage of seeds of M. balbisiana in a desiccator at room temperature for 3 months resulted in an increase in germination from 73% to 95% (5). In M. acuminata and M. balbisiana germination increased from 28% to 84% and 86% respectively, after 6 months storage in an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide at room temperature (6). Whilst 2 year old seeds of M. balbisiana did not germinate at all at any constant temperatures after 5 months in test, 99% of seeds germinated in satisfactory alternating temperature regimes (7). Moreover seeds buried in the soil can remain dormant for a year (6) or more (4). Seeds of the closely related Ensete spp. may survive for up to 25 years in soil and still germinate after disturbance (6). The above examples of loss in dormancy with after-ripening treatments also demonstrate that Musa spp. seeds show orthodox storage characteristics.
II. Germination regimes for non-dormant seeds
M. balbasiana
Alternating temperatures: 20°/35°C, 27°/32°C (19h/5h) (7)
III. Unsuccessful dormancy-breaking treatments
M. acuminata
Pre-dry: sun, desiccator, 1w (5)
Pre-soak: 1-4w, in light or dark (5)
M. balbisiana
Constant temperatures: 28°C, 32°C, 38°C (7); 18°-35°C (8); 25°-40°C (9)
Alternating temperatures: 4°/27°C, 4°/32°C, 4°/35°C, 27°/4°C, 32°/4°C, 27°/12°C, 35°/12°C, 27°/15°C, 35°/15°C, 27°/18°C, 32°/27°C (19h/5h) (7)
Pre-chill: (9); 10°C, 4d (5); 4°C, 80d (7)
Pre-dry: sun, desiccator, 1w (5); 60°C, 4d (5); scorch (5)
Pre-soak: 12h (2); 2d (5); 1-4w, in light or dark (5); 2d, then dry, 2d (5); 2-192h (9)
Pre-wash: 2-192h (9)
Scarification: chip (5); concentrated sulphuric acid, 8-64 min (5)
Ethanol: (6); 5, 30, 95, 100%, 5s (9)
Carbon tetrachloride: 5s (9)
Mercuric chloride: pre-applied, 1-50 min, 10-4, 10-2 M (6)
Acetone: 5s (9)
Ethyl acetate: 5s (9)
Hydrogen peroxide: pre-applied, 24,48h, 1% (9)
Ultrasonics: 5,60,300s (2)
M. textilis
Pre-dry: sun, 24-72h (10)
Pre-soak: 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 1-20 min (10); 60°C, 5, 10 min (10); 70°C, 5-15 min (10); 80°C, 100°C (10)
Scarification: hand (11); concentrated sulphuric acid, 0.5-3h (10); sulphuric acid, 3, 6 N, 0.5-3h (10); concentrated hydrochloric acid, 0.5-3h (10); hydrochloric acid, 3, 6 N, 0.5-3h (10); concentrated nitric acid, 0.5-3h (10); nitric acid, 3, 6 N, 0.5-3h (10)
Sodium hydroxide: pre-applied, 24h, 0.5-5% (11)
IV. Partly-successful dormancy-breaking treatments
M. acuminata
Pre-dry: sun, 3d (5)
M. balbisiana
Alternating temperatures: 12°-18°/27°-35°C, 27°/32°C, 27°/35°C, 35°/4°C, 35°/18°C, 35°/27°C, 32°/12°C, 32°/15°C, 32°/18°C (19h/5h) (7); 24°/37°C, 18°/32°C (19h/5h) (8)
Pre-chill: 15°C, 4m (7); 12°C, 3,4m, germinate at 20°/35°C (16h/8h) (7)
Warm stratification: 28°C, 32°C, 38°C, 6w, germinate at 19°/28°C, 19°/32°C, 19°/38°C (19h/5h) (7)
Pre-dry: whole fruit, 45°C, 4d (6)
Scarification: concentrated sulphuric acid, 2,4 min (5); sulphuric acid, 50%, 30 min (9); concentrated nitric acid, 15 min (9); sodium hydroxide, 10%, 2,4h (9); hydrogen chloride, 20%, 1h (9); mechanical (8,9)
Ultrasonics: 30s (2) pH: 5.2-6.3 (3)
Light: daylight (5); 12h/d (9)
M. textilis
Warm stratification: 2-4m (11)
Pre-soak: 16h (4)
V. Successful dormancy-breaking treatments
M. balbisiana
Alternating temperatures: 18°/35°C (12-19h/12-5h) (7)
Warm stratification: 27°C, 32°C, 4m, germinate at 20°/35°C (19h/5h) (7)
Pre-soak: 24h (12); 24h, then warm stratification (12)
Removal of seed covering structures: excise embryo (1,8); chip (9); chip, germinate at 27°/32°C, 18°/32°C (19h/5h) (7)
Scarification: concentrated sulphuric acid, 2-16 min, continue test for 5m (5)
VI. Comment
It is essential that banana seeds be tested for germination in alternating temperature regimes. Constant temperatures outside the range 10°-37°C result in seed death (7). Within this range virtually no germination occurs in dormant seeds(7), but the seeds will subsequently germinate after transfer to a suitable alternating temperature regime (7). A fairly large amplitude is required for full germination: 12°/35°C or 15°/35°C (19h/5h) are probably the most suitable (7), but 18°/35°C (19h/5h) could be used provided the germination test period is extended to 49 days (7). Chipping imbibed seeds in the germination test may result in more rapid germination (7,9). Where the seeds do not exhibit dormancy they will germinate within about 3 weeks when tested in sand at 25° to 30°C.
VII. References
1. Cox, E.A., Stotzky, G. and Goos, R.D. (1960). In vitro culture of Musa balbisiana Colla embryos. Nature, 185, 403-404.
2. Perry, L.P. and Boodley, J.W. (1980). Germination of foliage plant seeds in response to pre-sowing ultrasonic exposures, water soaks and fungicides. HortScience, 15, 192-194.
3. Perry, L.P. and Boodley, J.W. (1980). Germination of foliage plant seeds in response to sowing media, depths of sowing, pH levels and medium temperatures. HortScience, 15, 194-196.
4. Purseglove, J.W. (1972). Tropical Crops. Monocotyledons, pp. 361, Longman, London.
5. Simmonds, N.W. (1952). The germination of banana seeds. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, 29, 35-49.
6. Simmonds, N.W. (1959). Experiments on the germination of banana seeds. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, 36, 259-274.
7. Stotzky, G. and Cox. E.A. (1962). Seed germination studies in Musa. II. Alternating temperature requirement for the germination of Musa balbisiana. American Journal of Botany, 49, 763-770.
8. Stotzky, G., Cox, E.A., and Goos, R.D. (1961). Alternating temperature requirements for the germination of Musa balbisiana Colla seeds. Plant Physiology, 36, 21-22.
9. Stotzky, G., Cox, E.A. and Goos, R.D. (1962). Seed germination studies in Musa. I, Scarification and aspetic germination of Musa balbisiana. American Journal of Botany, 49, 515-520.
10. Ferrer, L.G. and Espino, R.B. (1923). A study on the germination of abaca seeds. Philippine Agriculturist, 12, 101-110.
11. Ricahuerta, J.R. (1952). Germination and viability study of seven abaca varieties. Philippine Agriculturist, 35, 504-511.
12. Riley, J.M. (1981). Growing rare fruit from seed. California Rare Fruit Growers Yearbook, 13, 1-47.
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Take care,
BGreen
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